B.+Educational+Opportunities

Educational inequalities persist in India and are spread across religious and caste lines. For example, Dalit and Adivasis are poorer than upper caste Hindus. The educational opportunities of Dalit and adivasis children are impeded because of discrimination from teachers. At a college in the city of Aurangabad in Western India, 80% of the dalit students said that they were made to sit outside the classroom in primary schools.

Further, a Dalit school teacher recalled, "We were asked to sit separately. Our copy of slates were not touched by the teachers." (The ProbeTeam, 1999, p. 50).There are other factors which contribute to educational inequalities and discrimination. Dalit homes are located outside of the main village and farther from schools. One Tamil Nadu villager observed that "None of the Scheduled Castes were even allowed to walk through the residential areas of the dominant castes or through the village's main street running through the residential areas of the dominant castes. (Nambissan & SEdwal 2002, p. 77). Therefore, teachers attempted to humiliate dalit students. In addition, Upper caste teachers have lower expectations of dalit students and consider them to be dull and uneducable (The ProbeTeam, 1999).

[|Educational Attainment (in percentage) for Youths Aged 24–29 Between 1983 and 1999–2000, by Sex] (Desai & Kulkarni, 2008, //Changing the educational inequalities in India in the context of// //affirmative action)// aSome totals may not sum to 100.00 because of rounding.
 * =  ||=  **1983**  ||=  **1987–1988**  ||=  **1993–1994**  ||=  **1999–2000**  ||
 * = **Males** ||
 * = ===Upper caste Hindu and other=== ||
 * = Never enrolled ||= 26.88 ||= 27.46 ||= 21.19 ||= 17.08 ||
 * = Below primary ||= 8.30 ||= 9.05 ||= 9.84 ||= 8.18 ||
 * = Primary completed ||= 18.08 ||= 17.39 ||= 13.95 ||= 11.61 ||
 * = Middle school completed ||= 19.93 ||= 17.50 ||= 18.28 ||= 20.47 ||
 * = Secondary completed ||= 17.91 ||= 19.12 ||= 24.28 ||= 28.25 ||
 * = College graduate ||= 8.91 ||= 9.48 ||= 12.46 ||= 14.41 ||
 * = **Total [|a] ** ||= **100.00**  ||=  **100.00**  ||=  **100.00**  ||=  **100.00**  ||
 * = ===Dalit=== ||
 * = Never enrolled ||= 53.30 ||= 53.36 ||= 46.15 ||= 36.75 ||
 * = Below primary ||= 10.57 ||= 9.39 ||= 10.89 ||= 11.21 ||
 * = Primary completed ||= 15.06 ||= 15.69 ||= 13.49 ||= 13.87 ||
 * = Middle school completed ||= 12.11 ||= 11.76 ||= 13.08 ||= 16.76 ||
 * = Secondary completed ||= 6.80 ||= 6.86 ||= 12.87 ||= 16.58 ||
 * = College graduate ||= 2.18 ||= 2.93 ||= 3.51 ||= 4.83 ||
 * = **Total [|a] ** ||= **100.00**  ||=  **100.00**  ||=  **100.00**  ||=  **100.00**  ||
 * = ===Adivasi=== ||
 * = Never enrolled ||= 62.72 ||= 62.47 ||= 52.81 ||= 43.94 ||
 * = Below primary ||= 9.62 ||= 9.58 ||= 12.21 ||= 11.52 ||
 * = Primary completed ||= 13.16 ||= 10.94 ||= 12.81 ||= 11.17 ||
 * = Middle school completed ||= 7.95 ||= 8.24 ||= 11.03 ||= 14.22 ||
 * = Secondary completed ||= 5.35 ||= 7.03 ||= 8.55 ||= 14.21 ||
 * = College graduate ||= 1.20 ||= 1.75 ||= 2.59 ||= 4.94 ||
 * = **Total [|a] ** ||= **100.00**  ||=  **100.00**  ||=  **100.00**  ||=  **100.00**  ||
 * = ==Muslim== ||
 * = Never enrolled ||= 45.18 ||= 46.41 ||= 39.41 ||= 32.27 ||
 * = Below primary ||= 10.71 ||= 10.90 ||= 12.83 ||= 12.22 ||
 * = Primary completed ||= 14.98 ||= 17.34 ||= 14.16 ||= 13.73 ||
 * = Middle school completed ||= 14.41 ||= 12.51 ||= 14.39 ||= 18.16 ||
 * = Secondary completed ||= 10.76 ||= 9.51 ||= 13.27 ||= 17.07 ||
 * = College graduate ||= 3.96 ||= 3.33 ||= 5.94 ||= 6.55 ||
 * = **Total [|a] ** ||= **100.00**  ||=  **100.00**  ||=  **100.00**  ||=  **100.00**  ||
 * = ==Females== ||
 * = ===Upper caste Hindu and other=== ||
 * = Never enrolled ||= 56.54 ||= 54.07 ||= 48.23 ||= 40.85 ||
 * = Below primary ||= 6.73 ||= 8.04 ||= 8.43 ||= 8.29 ||
 * = Primary completed ||= 13.90 ||= 13.61 ||= 12.07 ||= 10.97 ||
 * = Middle school completed ||= 10.09 ||= 9.93 ||= 12.16 ||= 14.42 ||
 * = Secondary completed ||= 8.53 ||= 9.58 ||= 12.57 ||= 16.38 ||
 * = College graduate ||= 4.21 ||= 4.78 ||= 6.54 ||= 9.09 ||
 * = **Total [|a] ** ||= **100.00**  ||=  **100.00**  ||=  **100.00**  ||=  **100.00**  ||
 * = ===Dalit=== ||
 * = Never enrolled ||= 84.28 ||= 84.77 ||= 77.45 ||= 67.39 ||
 * = Below primary ||= 3.81 ||= 4.05 ||= 6.65 ||= 7.40 ||
 * = Primary completed ||= 6.19 ||= 5.71 ||= 6.72 ||= 8.39 ||
 * = Middle school completed ||= 3.68 ||= 3.27 ||= 5.54 ||= 8.81 ||
 * = Secondary completed ||= 1.58 ||= 1.71 ||= 3.08 ||= 6.34 ||
 * = College graduate ||= 0.46 ||= 0.48 ||= 0.56 ||= 1.67 ||
 * = **Total [|a] ** ||= **100.00**  ||=  **100.00**  ||=  **100.00**  ||=  **100.00**  ||
 * = ===Adivasi=== ||
 * = Never enrolled ||= 87.85 ||= 85.25 ||= 81.42 ||= 71.20 ||
 * = Below primary ||= 3.61 ||= 4.27 ||= 5.61 ||= 8.82 ||
 * = Primary completed ||= 4.43 ||= 4.43 ||= 5.15 ||= 5.81 ||
 * = Middle school completed ||= 2.71 ||= 2.87 ||= 4.52 ||= 7.33 ||
 * = Secondary completed ||= 1.01 ||= 2.21 ||= 2.17 ||= 5.70 ||
 * = College graduate ||= 0.40 ||= 0.96 ||= 1.13 ||= 1.14 ||
 * = **Total [|a] ** ||= **100.00**  ||=  **100.00**  ||=  **100.00**  ||=  **100.00**  ||
 * = ===**Muslim**=== ||
 * = Never enrolled ||= 73.49 ||= 71.70 ||= 63.23 ||= 54.78 ||
 * = Below primary ||= 6.89 ||= 8.29 ||= 9.00 ||= 11.24 ||
 * = Primary completed ||= 10.13 ||= 9.61 ||= 11.75 ||= 10.73 ||
 * = Middle school completed ||= 5.19 ||= 5.88 ||= 9.24 ||= 12.18 ||
 * = Secondary completed ||= 3.28 ||= 3.33 ||= 5.08 ||= 8.90 ||
 * = College graduate ||= 1.01 ||= 1.19 ||= 1.69 ||= 2.17 ||
 * = **Total [|a] ** ||= **100.00**  ||=  **100.00**  ||=  **100.00**  ||=  **100.00**  ||

More Information
[|Educational Opportunities]